Doubt is the Key to Knowledge

Doubt is the key to knowledge, which is a Persian proverb, has its own meaning and connotation. From an individual viewpoint, doubt materializes as the state of observance amid skepticism and certainty. Often, doubt permits any apparent notion to be questioned. It invokes one to instigate an inquiry besides compelling given truths to be reviewed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Doubt is the Key to Knowledge specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These allow for improved reconsiderations, thus advancing expansions of knowledge. The process continues till individuals establish grounds that they are contented with. This paper seeks to discuss the degree at which doubt has been exhibited to be the key to knowledge. It concerns two vital knowledge areas namely history and natural sciences. Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines science as a knowledge system that covers the operations of either the general laws or general truths as acquired and confirmed via the scientific techniques and oriented to the experimental physical world phenomena. Via the historical course, science is perceived as a substantiated and confirmed way to gain knowledge by way of conducting experiments. The scientific community regards this as a decisive means of deriving facts from the unknown, thus establishing actualities. In fact, scientists strongly disapprove and doubt the ensuing ideas till sufficient evidence that supports them is provided. Should we therefore conclude that knowledge in science is provisional and consents to falsification? Certainly, any theory having adequate logics stands a chance of falsifying the standing knowledge that was hitherto held. Hence, I sincerely trust that science is actually provisional through doubt. Science primarily evolves by virtue of the abstract or perhaps the contingent unsolved postulates that scientists endeavor to establish and define their connotations. Such hypotheses are experim ented by means of scientific techniques and every constructive deduction that is drawn will thereafter be established as a theory. Basically, any theory that is apprehended as scientific knowledge tends to remain in that status till they become doubtful and questioned. This occurs when new explorations and experiments is such areas opposes the questionable theory. Scientific history ascertains that knowledge descends from identical courses. Early Mesopotamian studies showed that Earth was a domed flat disk. It was till Magellan Ferdinand had a confirmation that the globe was sphere-shaped in the fifteenth century subsequent to his fruitful circumvention of the world (Rosenberg 2004, p.163). In spite of the infinite reproaches, debates and libels made against his observation, Galilei Galileo disapproved the endured concept that the earth was the epicenter of the world.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, unless proved otherwise, scientific theories and experiments provided knowledge and that knowledge is continuously augmented through experimentations and tests. This means that, although these scientific methods are considered to represent the laws of nature, new theories and methods are continuously being discovered to challenge the existing laws. Hence, gaining new knowledge is an incessant process proviso doubt still persists in the status quo. There ought to be certain suppositions and allusions that make my opinions to remain real. The principal postulation is that for doubt to be effective in unraveling any scientific knowledge, one has to remain being in doubt till verified by germane scientific proof or trialing upshots. The evidence or results can either be on the side of or against the proposition. The method used to test the controversial theory must be universally acknowledged by the whole scientific community or else any significant result of the research may not be recognized. Therefore, any method used to test any scientific theory has to remain definite or certain. In the contrary, the research method should not be ambiguous or debatable as might finally prove to be destructive to the attained knowledge. Doubt only is incapable of developing new scientific theories. But it is very important in the verification and defense of hypotheses into theories and concepts into scientific laws. Though most scientific theories and laws contribute to the development of knowledge, some remain incapable of proving with sufficient logic that they are knowledgeable and they must be recognized as such (Urdahl, 1917). Since science is continuously updated via revolutionary discoveries, most scientists seem to be unaware that the laws or theories cannot be proven. This is because no one can tell whether the theory or law in question is inconceivable natural truth. This causes scientists to continually be in doubt by proving other bodies of knowledge fruitless and futile. For example, the theory of black hole is yet to be proven. Nevertheless, some of the perceived theories concerning the black hole maybe right, but given that they cannot be verified, cosmological scientists maybe spending senseless energies in generating novel concepts rather than directing such energies in attesting that such a concept is actually right (Wald 1992, p.62). The untiring doubt might give rise to the dismissal of the right concept causing the weakening of knowledge. Nonetheless, some theories or laws have proven to hold true and therefore does not need further experimentation, hence conceived as the truth. For instance, the fact that the earth is going round the sun cannot be disputed. Thus, even though doubt contributes to the scientific progress and knowledge, it has limits that might be disadvantageous to knowledge advancementAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Doubt is the Key to Knowledge specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As random house dictionary asserts, history is a division of knowledge that deals with events that happened in the past. These events may be relating to specific society, period or particularly to the human race. Akin to science, the study of the past is to certain level a draft to knowledge. Interpretations of events relating to the past by historians may be different depending on the historical evidences gathered (Urdahl, 1917). This means that the interpretations are susceptible to changes as new evidences relating to the event continue to emerge. In similar way, totally different opinion can be deduced from new material. This confirms the occurrence of doubt within the historical studies. Knowledge from historic actualities is deemed to be the veracity as vindicated by the amassed proofs and chronological inquiry, yet similar knowledge can be rejected by newfangled facts that are perceived to be valid. This dislodges the hitherto held truth. Historical revisionism is a branch of the historical academic field that studies the conventional opinions on historical evidences, intentions and processes of making decisions connected to historical events with an aim of revising and reinterpretation (Miller et al. 2010, p37). Revisionist historians always have an aim of reinterpreting the largely accepted views through doubt. Generally, revisionist historians have doubts on the accessible confirmations alongside the suppositions that are acquired from such facts. Hence, they go beyond ordinary study to uncover new evidences that could have been subsumed. These new evidences could either way approve the former made conclusions or challenge the status quo by presenting it as historically false. In the process, they draw new conclusions that may be perceived as being legitimate historical knowledge until proved untrue by new evidences. For instance, during the war in the Arabian Gulf, the US defense approved the deploying of forces into Saudi Arabia. They used satellite photo evidences that Iraqi was gathering its forces in the Arabian Desert to organize for an imminent invasion (Harvey 2001, p.136. Thru that spell, the United States was considered useful for the imperative part it assumed in the protection of Saudi-Arabia from the Iraqi belligerence. However, no one questioned the authentication of the satellite photos, thus there was no doubt about them. But St. Petersburg Times, came across two satellite photos from one of the Soviet profit-making satellites with indications of the absence of Iraqi military anywhere near the purported area.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This new evidence changed the previously held view and the American motives became questionable. The old evidence was historically proven false, thereby increasing the doubts of American motives. As a consequence, new theories were formulated to explain the real intentions of the American military. Some gave suggestions that Americans modified the satellite images to suit their reasons for deploying troops to protect their international interest, in this case the oil import source. The demonstrations indicated how revisionists doubting of any historical evidence can lead to the discovery of new evidences that can support the claim or disapprove the claim (Gkotzaridis 2006, p.193). In the process of analyzing the new evidence, more accurate conclusions are made and in the end they contribute to development of new historical studies knowledge. Afore augmenting knowledge advancement, doubt might alter and make genuine chronological knowledge fallacious. The process of illegally distort ing historical facts is known as negationism (Hephaestus Books 2011, p.288). Negationism materialized when the Japanese battle offenses were revealed when WWII was occurring. The story of Nanking assault was an archaeologically famous incident for the Japanese militia involvement in heartless undertakings like burglary, manslaughter and mass assault committed on the Nanking occupants. Albeit Japanese government admitted the legitimacy of the historical evidence during the event, they have all a long modulated the scale of the committed atrocities through the criticism of Chinese death toll estimates. Japanese government accused Chinese authorities of engineering statistics accredited to Nanking bloodbath. The Japanese publications comprising of primers studied in schools deliberately excluded these carnages. This deliberate exclusion contributes to the distortions of true historical facts. Because of the presence of disputes surrounding war crimes that was committed by the Japanese militia, it is quit hard to determine the truth on either side (Hephaestus Books 2011, p.289). As a result, the solution rests on the historical evidence that is commonly accepted. In this instance, it is quite clear that both historical distortions together with denials of historical realities contribute to the deterioration of knowledge. Hence, doubt cannot with certainty be recognized as the basic source of knowledge as claimed. Nonetheless, pertaining to history as field of knowledge, it cannot be denied that doubt plays a vital role as a supporter of knowledge that is gained from historical studies. With doubting incapability, historians are imbued in facts and ideas that had already been established. These established facts and concepts can easily be challenged through thorough research and application of new methods for establishing evidence. Therefore, history to some range is impermanent and devoid of doubt, the prospective knowledge will endure being debatable and fairy-ta le. To conclude, given that knowledge has been verified to be far-reaching and abstruse in the historic and systematic grounds, it becomes very difficult to judge doubt and its capabilities so that they can accurately emerge as fundamental to knowledge execution. Nevertheless, through appropriate researches and studies in these knowledge areas, this paper has taken a stand that to a greater degree, doubt is central as well as essential factor in determining knowledge. References Gkotzaridis, E 2006, Trials of Irish History: Genesis and evolution of a reappraisal, 1938-2000, Routledge, New York, NY. Harvey, B 2001, Russia in space: The failed frontier? Springer, New York, NY. Hephaestus Books, 2011, Historical revisionism (negationism, including: Mein Kampf, Holocaust Denial, Institute for Historical Review, Ma Lik, Miguel Serrano, Memory Hole, Israeli-Palestinian History Denial, Japanese War Crimes, the Two Babylons, Ernst Nolte, Neo-Stalinism, Hephaestus Books, London, UK. Miller, FP, Vandome, AF McBrewster, J 2010, Historical Revisionism, )lpha script Publishing, BÃ ¼ckeburg, Germany. Rosenberg, MT 2004, The handy geography answer book, Barnes Noble Books, Bellevue. Urdahl, HH, 1917, The key of knowledge: A simple treatise comprising the phenomena of mind and of matter, combining psychology, physiology and sociology in scientific philosophy, Portland, Or. Wald, RM 1992, Space, time, and gravity: The theory of the Big Bang and Black Holes, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, UK. This essay on Doubt is the Key to Knowledge was written and submitted by user Charlee Finley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Second Generation Immigrant

Second Generation Immigrant Introduction The socio-political and economic plights of the immigrants have been a subject of social research for a long time; the immigrants are considered the â€Å"lowest† cadre in the social stratum in the United States. Their living conditions reveal an unprecedented poverty. This paper seeks to explore the plight of second generation immigrants as compared to the first generation, and to highlight some of the factors that are contributing to the difference in the social well being between the first generation immigrants and the second generation immigrants, in other words, between parents and their children, who seem to be enjoying a relatively â€Å"higher† position in the society. Such a tendency has been attributed to several factors. According to the US Census Bureau Data (2009), it was realised that the second generation immigrants enjoy more privileges in terms of education and health. They earn more and are better educated as compared to their foreign-born counterparts, which highlights the fact that life conditions have increased from the first to the second order of immigrants.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Second Generation Immigrant specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Immigration policy American Immigration Policy, which sets laws and guidelines used for regulatory purposes, in my opinion, is the strongest factor explaining the socio-economic difference of the second generation immigrants. The level of achievement of the second generation immigrants can be attributed to the immigration policies. The American immigration policy stresses out the fact that anyone who is born on the American territory automatically becomes a citizen of the US; the US citizenship comes with numerous other benefits from the government as opposed to non citizens. This scenario would obviously work for the benefit of the child since he would be entitled to a lot of privileges as opposed t o the parents who are not original citizens of the US. Social research shows that the Latino second class citizens have the highest enrolment rates in colleges and high school, which affirms the fact that the set policies play a key role. In the acquisition of their citizenship, the Latinos have continued to excel in their undertaking. According to statistics, it is projected that by 2017, there would have been plenty of multiracial Latinos in every key government position as compared to their present occupation of government positions. Cultural assimilation A conflict of cultures is predominant in the lives of the second generation population. The rate at which they adapt and stabilize themselves within the two different cultures attributes immensely to their relatively high level of success. Those who are able to freely blend and adapt to both cultures are more settled and are considered to be more successful as compared to those who take a lot of time to balance between the two c ultures. Most second generation children are multilingual. Nonetheless, they are subjected to humongous racism and segregation in the society as well, which means that these children become much more sensitive to various social phenomena; this sensitivity leads to an increased self motivation and awareness amongst the second generation, which in turn inflames their desire to achieve success against all odds confronting them. Conclusion The paper has exclusively explored some of the core reasons for a relatively high success of the second generation immigrants in comparison with their parents; it has established why the two mentioned factors have led to high achievement rates in the second generation immigrants and the social issues defining their achievements.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

No Child Left Behind and the Effects on Children with Special Needs Research Proposal

No Child Left Behind and the Effects on Children with Special Needs - Research Proposal Example No Child Left Behind makes it compulsory that the schools across the United should track the improvement and progress of all children with special education needs and students whose first language is not English. The Act advocates the schools to devise strategies so that such students attain similar score as their peers by the year 2014 (Harper, 2005). No Child Left behind Act advocates space and provisions for students with special education needs because not all children who are limited in English proficiency and have some kind of learning disability have the capability to take tests that are similar to those of other students in their standard. The allowances comprise of one-on-one testing periods, expanded test sessions, test booklets with large fonts, helping students to structure their answers and sign language translators (George & Margaret, 2007). The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) has advantages for the students with special needs or learning disabilities but it als o includes certain barriers that might prevent these students from exercising all of the opportunities stated in the law (Cortiella, 2010). In the lieu of this paper we will be discussing the impact of NCLB on such students and assess its usefulness for children that require extra attention due to any kind of learning disability. This stipulation in the act helps the school administration; lawmakers, parents and the Education Department assess the improvement in the progress of students who are usually left behind in better academic attainment. NCLB with all its apparent advantages has initiated heated debates over the efficacy of standardized tests for the two groups that are the normal students and the students with special needs, and... This essay stresses that according to the review of literature on the topic, it has been highlighted that the NCLB Act has immensely affected students with special needs. The motivation that is provided for the low-performing students has decreased the level of expectations instead of increasing it. This is so because of the fact that the reaction of the law when the school fails to make adequate progress is not just providing extra help for students but also punishing the school. This report makes a conclusion that NCLB aims at reducing racial and class discrepancies in academic performance through establishing common expectation for all students. The Act also requires that the schools to pay consideration to academic performance of the underprivileged students; students with special requirements, students from low income groups as well as students of different ethnicities. Conventional systems that were employed by the states considered only the mean school performance. This allowed the schools to be rated highly even in cases where there ware broad achievement discrepancies between underprivileged and privileged students. Extensive research in this area of acceleration shows that it is an effective and low cost educational intervention for students with high abilities. 18 types of accelerations have been identified. Dual credit programs, ability grouping, Advanced Placement, and International Baccalaureate are some other posted suggestions for meeting the n eeds of the gifted students.

Purpose statment Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Purpose statment - Personal Statement Example My experiences with my family members had a profound impact upon my thinking. One day my cousin and I were walking on the road. Suddenly, a car approached from behind, and my deaf cousin failed to hear it. I had to push him to the side, in order to save his life. This experience had a profound effect upon me. As such, right from a very young age, I have been exposed to individuals with defective senses. Thus, I had been associated with the hearing impaired, as well as people who experienced great difficulty in speaking normally. Among my family members, there were several people with major hearing defects. Being so proximate, these defects in hearing had a major impact upon my tender psyche. It is necessary to understand that there are several people, of varying age, who are afflicted by defective senses. As a consequence, there are individuals who are blind, deaf, dumb or with other physical shortcomings. As such, in several of these instances, adequate training can be provided to help these impaired persons to develop the skills to manage their day-to-day affairs. Upon encountering a physically impaired person, people tend to behave in a sympathetic manner towards them. This is not what that person desires. Providing such persons with the skills to address their daily problems and to get on with their life is truly beneficial for such people. Thus, I have developed a keen interest in speech-language pathology. It is my honest and humble aim to master this field of knowledge, in order to provide assistance to the individuals with these afflictions. I am keenly interested in helping individuals with defective hearing, residing in the villages of my great nation. This task has proved to be daunting, primarily due to the absence of a master program in speech language pathology. Such academic and professional competence is indispensable for providing outstanding relief to the people with defective hearing. I have been extremely active in

Human Health and The Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Health and The Environment - Essay Example prove that in warmer temperatures, humans will live longer and avoid certain sicknesses .He further discusses the possible risks and benefits of warm temperature to the Americans, and analyses various factors that are in favor of his argument. The foremost positive effect of warm weather is that it results in the production of less ice and problems related to cold conditions. During winter, people have to work hard to remove ice from the roads, streets and subways. During cold weather, the American families face the problem of investment on winter suits, caps, and other items. They like moderately warmer climate because it reduces the amount of investment on winter items, room heating etc. Another benefit of the moderate warm weather is that it does not affect the economic activities like trade and commerce. The transportation sector prospers in this climate; but.on the other hand, cold weather affects it adversely. â€Å"Most economic activities would be unaffected by climate change. Manufacturing, banking, insurance, retailing, wholesaling, medicine, education, mining, financial, and most other services are unrelated to weather.† (Moore, 1998). Moreover, the laborers who are working in warmer climates are willing to accept low wages because they enjoy the benefits of the moderate warm weather. Both harmful and harmless insects flourish in relatively low temperature. On the contrary, moderate warm temperature keeps them away because they are not adapted to live in such conditions. One of the ideal situations that the insects can flourish is the depleted ecosystem. Only strict laws can control the encroachments upon the ecosystem and environment. â€Å"Despite the enormous growth in environmental law and regulation since the 1970s, much of the scientific information needed to ensure environmental protection is still missing.† (Wagner, 2004). The aspect of environmental protection must gain global attention and the implementation of laws must be monitored by an

India Is A Secular Country

India Is A Secular Country I think one of our contradictions and limitations of our democracy was conferral of group rights. Through this provision every religion most importantly Christianity and Muslims can have their own set of religious rights including having their own personal law and all the religious institutions are free to propaganda their own religion and raise money without taxes. Since 1947,Various religions,castes and tribes have been accommodated in our country through group rights, liberal constitutionalism and layered federalism.(Bajpai,2003) I think adopting group rights in our constitution it led to a form of liberalism discourse where as there is a conflict between state sovereignty and Individual rights. In India the concept of religion is deeply rooted, from time to time the ruling classes and the forces which want to control the society has always used religion to mobilise people for electoral votes. In the post-1947 period, all the political parties in order create their exclusive vote banks, they resort to linguistic, regional, religious identities which leads to polarisation among the masses. For eg: targeting Muslim vote banks, congress always appeased the fundamentalists of the community and agreed to all their religious demands while ignoring the basic issues of Muslims which would enable their political participation and economic and cultural development. The political parties to divert the attention of people from miserable ground realities will come up with deceptive slogans and issues. Exploiting the media they will create religious and communal differences among the common masses for their political interests. The decade of 1980s was a decade which saw secular-nationalis t discourse. Its the time when the Indian Identity got fragmented into various smaller sectional identities. To put it in Foucauldian terms Insurrection of littleselves . He notes that this modern form of power is characterized by an immensely flexible braiding of coercion and consent (Nigam,2000).In 80s, BJP, a Hindu nationalist, right wing party dubbed the Congresss secularism as Pseudo-secularism. The secular theory was condemned in the context that it did not respect the wishes and interests of Hindu majority; They felt Hindus were the ones most affected by it. They claimed it pampered the minority, especially Muslims and lower caste. By not respecting Hindu values, it snubs the Indian idea of secularism which calls for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾equal respect for all religions (sarva dharma-sambhav). According to BJP, true secularism, can only be achieved through true equality, which must start from the premise that Hindus constitute the majority population (Hansen 1996). The real pursuit of the discourse of Hindu Nationalism is to achieve equality through difference. The rise of religious identities in India is questioning the fundamental values of democracy. Though Hindu nationalism was steadily growing in 1980s it got radicalized in 1990s. The actors behind this radicalization were assertiveness of lower caste, underperforming political- administrative system (license Raj), increased insecurity because of Globalisation and feeling of dislocation of nation and national identity. The fervour of Hindu nationalism was at its peak at this time and struck chord with Hindu middle classes. Thus Nation-state became a vehicle to disseminate hindutva Ideology. This dogmatism resulted in the demolition of babri masjid. In this discourse to Hindu Nationalism, Muslims were demonized as operational others as they are constraining India to achieve modernity because their cultural obsoleteness and population overgrowth. Also they are considered to be the reason for the dislocation of the nation in the past and the contemporary times. They according to Hindu nationalism, also block the full realization of democracy due to their block voting and stunt the full development of a tolerant secularism due to their intransigence and intolerance (Hansen 1996). Thus the varied notions of authenticity, sovereignty and superiority among these religious groups especially Hindus and Muslims and discourse of rights and equality among these social groups lead to Hindu Nationalism. Hindu Nationalist discourse sought to portray the muslims as inherently doctrine, undemocratic, anti-modern and patriarchal. Hindutva forces like RSS,BJP used a religious language to create a political discourse. To acquire power Hindtuva forces came up with a political ideology to influence the voters and mobilise them on religious grounds by making them increasingly religious consciousness. Hindutvas manifested Hinduism was more hegemonic, chauvinistic and political in character. Hindutva politics used selective religious symbolism that forms a to promote a particular version of Hinduism that fitted the RSSs larger vision of the nation-state by wiping those ideologically inconvenient components of Hinduism. The whole Hindu nationalist movement promoted a view that religion no longer needs to be hidden from the public space, under the garb of secularism. Hindutva forces adapted an aggressive and chauvinistic form of Hinduism. For eg: They brought out the whole concept of Bharartha Matha who is pictured as one form of Hindu kali. During processions they calls for Hindu unity are common and one frequently heard chant is This country is a Hindu country! Its the Hindu peoples own country! Most prevalent of all is Om Kali! Jai Kali! Bharatmata ki jai! In other words, while proclaiming victory in Hindi to Mother India unambiguously understood as Bharat, Hindu India it is supremely violent Kali who is invoked and praised. RSSs activists say Kalis name inspires courage in them, but almost all slogans are plainly intended, too, to be aggressively Hindu and they are understood as such by Muslims and Christians, who hear them most vigorously, yelled out when a procession passes a mosque or church.  [1]   The thematic Hindu nationalism sought the support of religious institutions, orders and festivals in this regard. Among the various festivals, Hindutva has systematically targeted few religious festivals like Ganesh Chaturthi for political purposes. Through indoctrination of colourful, seductive processions the Hindutva forces on a daily basis succeeds in Hinduisation of the public spheres. Lot of Hindu festivals are no more a symbol of religious and cultural traditions but are symbols of communalism. In the name of nationalist ideology, Hindutva forces manifest Hinduism through various institutions in an attempt to make the public internalise Hinduvta ideas which indirectly influences the masses in everyday life. Thus these political elites artificially constructed this whole atmosphere of Hindu-Muslim antagonism through indoctrination and enfranchisement of manifested religious ideas and portrayed muslims as enemies. This resulted in systematic excorcision of muslims.Thus this resurgence of religious identities is not a problem of democracy or secularism its a problem of political vested interests executed through our democratic institutions. Muslims in India are increasingly facing socially exclusion. Muslims are looked at with suspicion and contempt. Its a very disturbing trend to see reports like Muslims are not able to find homes  [2]  and the highest number of untrailed cases are from muslim community  [3]  . How can we be a good democracy if Minorities of our country doesnt feel at peace? A liberal secular democracy shouldnot tolerate matters of faith triumphing over ourconstitution. Religion should not interfere in state affairs. Understanding tolerance as secularism is wrong.as citizens regardless of which community we belong to we must not tolerate certain things.

Drama in Act 1 Scene 5 and Act 3 Scene 1 of William Shakespeares Romeo

Drama in Act 1 Scene 5 and Act 3 Scene 1 of William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet 'Romeo and Juliet' is centred around three main themes. The love between Romeo and Juliet combined with the hatred between their families. 'Romeo and Juliet' is also about fate and destiny. In the prologue Romeo and Juliet are referred to as "a pair of star-crossed lovers". These themes are all closely linked and have consequences which eventually result in Romeo and Juliet's deaths. The chosen scenes are the most important in the play. The actions in these scenes create a lot of tension and are central to the plot. In the first scene Tybalt is given a reason to want to fight Romeo. Romeo and Juliet meet for the first time and instantly fall in love, only to be driven apart in the second scene when Romeo is banished as a consequence of a fight; this is immediately after they have secretly married. These scenes are closely linked, as the main action in act 3 scene 1 is a direct consequence of something which happened in act 1 scene 5.Shakespeare is a skilful dramatist. In the scenes he uses contrasting ways of gripping the audience's attention. Shakespeare uses a fast moving plot of only four days; he consciously shortened the source material to create effect. This makes it easier to act out as well as creating more drama. It shows how passionate Romeo and Juliet are. The shortened plot grips the audience's attention as there is always something of interest happening. The audience are shocked at how quickly things happen; there is always suspense as to what will happen next. Shakespeare has given thought to the position of act 1 scene 5; he c... ...acle and creates dramatic irony. This helps the audience feel involved as they have information the characters don't and it creates suspense as we wait for the characters to find out what we already know. Shakespeare creates tension and suspense throughout the whole play. This means we are constantly gripped and there is always something happening. This is helped by the fast moving plot which Shakespeare conscientiously created. Tension and suspense is a key aspect to the two key scenes and I think Shakespeare creates a lot of it and in an effective way. Shakespeare also very cleverly bases the two pivotal scenes around opposing themes which is dramatic in its own form. Overall I feel Shakespeare is a very skilful dramatist and knows how to grip the audiences' attention using a variety of techniques, in different ways.

Explore the presentation of Heathcliffs Essay

Explore the presentation of Heathcliff’s journey in Wuthering Heights, in the light of the Marxist Perspective. In Wuthering Heights, Bronti show’s Marxist view’s that ‘it is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but their social existence that determines their consciousness’. Bront? first published her text in the form of a novel in 1847. During this time England was influenced by Marx’s ideas, socialists in England held a conference in London where they formed a new organisation called the Communist League, the aims of the organisation being to overthrow the old bourgeois society based on class antagonisms and to the establish a new society without classes and without private property. Despite England being influenced by Marx ideas at the time, Bront? created Wuthering Heights: a mix genre novel with themes such as domestic realism, tragedy and gothic love, which were very much open to critic and discussion at the time. This shows the extent to how she was much stipulated in her ideas and therefore Wuthering Heights might not have been influenced by the Marxist ideas at the time. When Heathcliff enters in chapter four with no social or domestic status, emphasised by his ‘gibberish that nobody could understand’ suggesting his lack of social skills and ability to communicate; his lingual acquisition depends on his surroundings. Miles notes how ‘rather than a dual function there is an oscillation resulting in the name never satisfactorily serving him either way’, when he enters his name ‘serves’ him as both his ‘Christian name and surname’ immediately setting him as an outsider and determining his role because he does not embody conventions of society. Victorian Society was organised such that the base of the society determines its superstructure, everything associated with culture: education, law, religion and the arts but because Heathcliff is not an Earnshaw his status means he cannot access this cultural economy and he is ultimately rejected. His name therefore presents his inability to gain access and the extent of his exclusion, as Miles notes is ‘a constant reminder of the unsatisfactory fit between himself and the codes of a society denying him incorporation’. It is his status and his social existence that therefore does determine his consciousness. Bronti creates suggested possibilities that cannot ultimately be realised; when Heathcliff first enters he is referred to as ‘landlord’, yet is not given the opportunity to become an Earnshaw. Also, as Gilbert and Gubar note: ‘smashing Catherines rival-brother’s fiddle and making a desirable third among the children in the family so as to insulate her from the pressure of her brothers domination’, this shows the possibilities that Heathcliff might have been able to integrate into the Earnshaws and therefore society in turn becoming Catherine’s chance for freedom from strict social structure, but because of the base structure of the Victorian Society he is rejected. Perhaps the ‘smashing’ quote from Gilbert and Gubar refers to the ‘three thrashings’ Heathcliff had to endure, foreshadowing the idea that the only way he can become part of Victorian Society is in a destructive way. The first reason why possibilities cannot be realised is that Heathcliff is learning his social position: Mr Earnshaw calls him ‘poor, fatherless child’, Heathcliff is constantly made to perceive himself as poor, these social circumstances determine why Heathcliff is placed into the servant quarters and therefore kept separate from social events by Hindley, who is in power after Mr Earnshaw dies. Heathcliff’s access to the superstructure of Victorian society becomes limited, and even though Heathcliff ‘bore his degradation well’ this heightens his perception of himself as someone in need of charity, making him susceptible to charity or abuse. Perhaps the possibilities might have been realised if Catherine hadn’t accessed Thrushcross Grange: a place ‘carpeted with crimson†¦ pure white ceiling bordered with gold’, suggesting Thrushcross Grange’s wealth, status and a place that epitomises gentry and reflecting the Victorian connection of wealth and heaven. When Catherine is taken to Trushcross Grange she is introduced to a new social status, where she has ‘combed her beautiful hair’ and ‘pair of enormous slippers’, we see how her ‘consciousness’ has now changed as she has been introduced to Victorian Societies superstructure. It is only until this integration into the Heights that Catherine realises Heathcliff is not adequate for her. She is enabled access to the Heights because of her name and its association with economic position. Heathcliff is a gypsy and by ‘putting up the shutters’, ‘curtains half closed’ while Heathcliff’s looking through the window panes shows how the barriers symbolise Bronti presenting the strict Victorian Society which denies Heathcliff’s access to culture and education. Trushcross Grange becomes somewhat of a Victorian society’s ideal, a materialistic ideal. Catherine’s awareness of her social existence results in her new perception that she cannot marry Heathcliff because: ‘if Heathcliff and I married, we should be beggars’ Even though he is her authentic love and she hints at Heathcliff and her being inseparable she does not follow through. She has already chosen to marry Edgar; and so the novel can be read from a Marxist perspective as Catherine’s outlook in marrying Edgar is materialist as she thinks about social reasons and survival, as opposed to the idealistic perspective. Bronti shows how Catherine is affected my material circumstances reflected when she says she will be â€Å"queen of the neighbourhood† and does not chose Heathcliff, who can be seen as a symbol of her freedom. However, it can be argued that she never has a choice between the two as the way she is set to think is largely conditioned by the way the economy is organised. Bront? presents through the novel how this economy determines the superstructure and therefore even though Heathcliff stands for Catherine’s freedom it is Victorian society’s mentality that means people remain ignorant of Heathcliff’s potential goodness, who is instead driven away because he does not have the capital (money) or culture (education) to support her. So, Catherine probably is right in saying they would be beggars. It is their social circumstances that have determined much of their life and results in Heathcliff running off. Bront? creates this gap in the novel where we are unaware of Heathcliff’s situation which effectively creates a sense of mystery around Heathliff and and forms tension until his return, even if it be full of vengeance.

Linus Pauling Biography

Linus Pauling Biography Linus Carl Pauling  (February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994)  was the only person to receive two unshared Nobel Prizes- for Chemistry in 1954 and for Peace in 1962. Pauling published over 1200 books and papers on a wide variety of topics, but is best known for his work in the fields of quantum chemistry and biochemistry. Early Years Linus Pauling was the oldest child of Herman Henry William Pauling and Lucy Isabelle Darling. In 1904, the family moved to Oswego, Orgeon, where Herman opened a drugstore. In 1905, the Pauling family  moved to Condon, Oregon. Herman Pauling died in 1910 of a perforated ulcer, leaving Lucy to care for Linus and his sisters Lucile and Pauline. Pauling had a friend (Lloyd Jeffress, who became an acoustic scientist and psychology professor)   who owned a chemistry kit. Linus attributed his interest in becoming a chemist to early experiments Jeffress performed when the boys were both 13. At age 15, Linus entered Oregon Agricultural College (later to become Oregon State University), but he was lacking the history requirements for a high school diploma. Washington High School awarded Pauling a high school diploma 45 years later, after he had won the Nobel Prize. Pauling worked while in college to help support his mother. He met his future wide, Ava Helen Miller, while working as a teaching assistant for a home economics chemistry course. In 1922, Pauling graduated from Oregon Agricultural College with a degree in chemical engineering. He enrolled as a graduate student at the California Institute of Technology, studying crystal structure analysis using X-ray diffraction under Richard Tolman and Roscoe Dickinson. In 1925, he received a Ph.D. in physical chemistry and mathematical physics, graduating summa cum laude. In 1926, Pauling traveled to Europe under a Guggenheim Fellowship, to study under physicists  Erwin Schrà ¶dinger, Arnold Sommerfeld, and Niels Bohr. Career Highlights Pauling studied and published in numerous fields, including chemistry, metallurgy, mineralogy, medicine, and politics. He applied quantum mechanics to explain the formation of chemical bonds. He established the electronegativity scale to predict covalent and ionic bonding. To explain covalent bonding, he proposed bond resonance and bond-orbital hybridization. The final three decades of Paulings research career focused on health and physiology. In 1934, he explored the magnetic properties of hemoglobin and how antigens and antibodies function in immunity. In 1940 he proposed a hand-in-glove model of molecular complements, which applied not only to serology, but also paved the way for Watson and Cricks description of DNA structure. He identified sickle cell anemia as a molecular disease, leading to human genome research. In World War II, Pauling invented missile propellants and an explosive named linusite. He developed synthetic blood plasma for battlefield use. He invented an oxygen meter to monitor air quality in planes and submarines that was later applied for surgery and infant incubators. Pauling proposed a molecular theory for how general anesthesia works. Pauling was an outspoken opponent to nuclear tests and arms. This led to revocation of his passport, as international travel was deemed by the State Department  to be  not in the best interests of the United States. His passport was reinstated when he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. For the 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences cited Paulings work on the nature of the chemical bond, his studies of the structure of crystals and molecules, and description of protein structure (specifically the alpha helix). Pauling used his fame as a laureate to further social activism. He  applied scientific data to describe how radioactive fallout would increase cancer and birth defect rates. October 10, 1963 was the day it was announced Linus Pauling would be awarded the 1962 Nobel Peace Prize and also the day the limited test ban on nuclear weapons (U.S., U.S.S.R., Great Britain) went into effect. Notable Awards Linus Pauling received many honors and awards throughout his distinguished career. Among the most notable: 1931 - Irving Langmuir Award1947 - Davy Medal1954 - Nobel Prize in Chemistry1962 - Nobel Peace Prize1967 - Roebling Medal1968-69 - Lenin Peace Prize1974 - National Medal of Science1977 - Lomonosov Gold Medal1979 - NAS Award in Chemical Sciences1984 - Priestley Medal1989 - Vannevar Bush Award Legacy Pauling died at his home in Big Sur, California of prostate cancer at the age of 93 on August 19, 1994. Although a grave marker was placed in Oswego Pioneer Cemetery in Lake Oswego Oregon, his and his wifes ashes were not buried there until 2005. Linus and Lucy had four children: Linus Jr., Peter, Linda, and Crellin. They had 15 grandchildren and 19 great-grandchildren. Linus Pauling is remembered as the father of molecular biology and one of the founders of quantum chemistry. His concepts of electronegativity and electron orbital hybridization are taught in modern chemistry.

How does Charles Dickens create suspense and fear in The Signalman Essays

How does Charles Dickens create suspense and fear in The Signalman Essays How does Charles Dickens create suspense and fear in The Signalman Essay How does Charles Dickens create suspense and fear in The Signalman Essay Essay Topic: Literature Charles Dickens uses many methods to create suspense and fear in The Signalman story. He introduces fear to make the short, ghost story more interesting. Dickens set his ghost story on a railway line, which at the same time has a very modern setting and not a traditional dark, crooked old house. The tale begins with a gripping and dramatic opening line, which instantly grabs the readers attention. The first line introduces the narrator who was left anonymous throughout the story. This instantly builds up tension, as the reader does not know what sort of a person the narrator really is. When the narrator is a character in the story, it makes it easier to know how the person is feeling; this makes the reader more aware of the character and can begin to relate to them. Charles Dickens begins to create fear and suspense in the first couple of lines. The story begins with halloa! Below there! The words were shouted by a mysterious figure standing above the cutting on top of the bridge. It leaves us guessing who had shouted the words; all we know at this point is that it was a figure in the distance. Halloa was an informal welcome in the late 19th century. The actions create mystery, which is effective to create the overall suspense. Also you still havent had any kind of a physical description of the signalman so at this time you dont even know if hes human or not and you cant just make an guess you have to read on. The description of the signalman is also quite fearful as when he describes him with, pale skin, dark hair and eyes, you feel quite scared of him, when they say he has his hand to his chin, that is quite mysterious. You want to know why he has his hand to his chin The signalman is an important character as once they get talking and his actions are very weird to start off with; He stands carefully in the railway with his hand on his chin, not moving a muscle until they are face to face Before he stirred I was near enough to have touched him. Also when they do meet he makes no attempt to start the conversation, instead he looks at the red light Look towards the red light He seems very mysterious and again pretty strange. As they begin to talk again the man becomes slightly threatening and the narrator thinks that he might be a ghost This was a spirit. This is a very tense point in the story because the ghosts identity may have already been given away, but the signalman begins to show fear and asks if they have met before. After their conversation the man leaves and the signalman tells him that on his return journey not call out those words. Halloa! Below there. It builds tension over what these words really mean to the signalman and why he is scared of them. The signalman himself looks mysterious A dark pale man. This would add to the readers suspense and build up the tension, as he gets closer. They go back to the signal box and from his long description you realise that he is quite a knowledgeable man Worked at fractions and decimals. If he is so clever why is he a signalman? He is also a very skilled workman Safest of men to be employed. These questions add mystery to who he really is, which in builds up the suspense. Within their talk, the signalman looks outside toward the tunnel more than once. This creates mystery of whats going to happen, and why does he keep looking out of the box? In the first conversation he tells the man that he is troubled. This makes you ask the question what is he troubled about and does it have anything to do with his weird actions before? Could he be or knows the ghost? These questions make you think about whats about to happen? This also builds suspense. On the mans return visit he is told about the mysterious figure and how it disappeared. It was gone. This long passage describing the ghosts actions adds tension and what is the ghost going to do next? He also clears up his odd actions (when he looked down the tunnel). The ghost says those very same words. We now know that he is not the ghost so some tension is lost but it is now a matter of if the man will see the ghost and what it will say. He also tells the man of the lady who died in the carriage just after he had seen the figure Within six hours after this appearance, the memorable accident happened. You begin to think of the death and the ghosts and start wondering whos next? He is described as seemed to make the place strike colder to me, but I said no more.. This a weird description to give someone, could he be the ghost? As you here about the ghost, the narrators actions are very intriguing,. The man has the same reactions when he hears about the second ghost In the end it is the narrators fault that the signalman dies because if he hadnt called down to him in the first place, the signalman would have looked up as the train came down the tunnel. Below there, look out. The first words of the story are the most decisive words of the story. Could it have been fate? And no matter what had happened between the start of the story and his death, it couldnt have been prevented. The man obviously feels responsible for his death and you feel that if he hadnt called down to the man none of this would of happened. This is quite a mysterious and even more, a scary thought.

Deontology and Utilitarian Scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Deontology and Utilitarian Scenario - Essay Example Utilitarianism, which is a teleological framework, on the other hand, decides on whether some thing is right or wrong by looking at the consequences or ‘teleos’ of the relevant action or non action. I.e. the action itself is not value neutral and the intrinsic nature of the action is not very relevant. It is what is achieved by that action that is determinant in ascertaining whether something is right or wrong. As such the same action can be right in one instance and wrong in the other instance, depending on the circumstances and consequences. This is directly at odds with deontological frameworks which provide that a given action will be universally right or wrong irrespective of the surrounding circumstances. The foregoing also highlights why deontology is considered to be a specimen of absolutism while utilitarianism exemplifies relativism. Utilitarianism, like the philosophies put forward by John Stuart Mills, look at whether something is right or wrong by looking at the consequences of that action in that it looks to see whether the action produces the greatest aggregate happiness amongst the relevant people. Application of deontological principles to the ethical problem at hand In applying deontological principles, mainly in the form of Immanuel Kant’s philosophy on ‘categorical imperatives’, I can ascertain what I should or should not do when I’m standing on the bridge with the mad fat ethical philosopher. The only thing I must put my mind to is whether I should push the villain and kill him or not. The surrounding circumstances are irrelevant. It is only the intrinsic value of the action of pushing him and killing him that I must put my mind to. As such, at first glance it can be said that under Kant’s philosophy the ‘right’ thing to do would be not to kill the villain. This general conclusion can be supported by applying some of Kant’s categorical imperatives. For example, applying the categorical imperative that is similar to the Golden Rule in the Bible and provides for the principle of universalizability, if I was the fat person on the bridge looking down at the tracks, I certainly would not have wanted to be thrown down on to the tracks for want of a heavy inanimate object. If I would not want to be thrown down, then equally I should not throw the villain down. Furthermore, it is very clear that the villain is necessary only because there is a lack of any other heavy object. The fact that he is human is irrelevant. Only his mass and physical being is necessary. This goes directly against Kant’s categorical imperative that one must not use humans simply as a means to an end. The fact that I would be merely using the villain and disregarding his humanity if I did throw him down the tracks would go directly against this categorical imperative which emphasizes that respect for the person. Note how in the above discussion the consequences of throwing down th e villain were not discussed. This is because in relation to this specific action, it was irrelevant that by killing the villain the innocent people will be saved. However, ethical principles apply equally to action as well as non actions. It is one thing to think about throwing down the villain and killing him, but there is another thing to think about in the same circumstances. Presumably, I am the only one on the bridge and I have the power to save the five innocent

Understand the key features of the theories of motivation in a team Essay

Understand the key features of the theories of motivation in a team (LEADERSHIP) - Essay Example which workers get motivated is through; use of inspirational posters and participating in team building activities especially when the leaders take part with the team members (Heinrichs 2013, P. 211). As such, the team building activities enhances cohesiveness among team members. The essay seeks to discuss an understanding of key features of the motivational theories through an effective leadership. There are many causes of dissatisfaction among members of a team at a place of work. Among the major causes of dissatisfaction is being underpaid. Whenever a member of a team or an employee feels that he is underpaid, he will get dissatisfied and hence gets less motivated. A less motivated employee is less productive and, as a result, compromising the overall performance of the organization. Poor management is another cause of dissatisfaction among team members. Most members of a team want to be led by someone they look up to as a role model. When this is lacking, members under this leadership are likely to be less motivated. In certain occasions, lack of interest can also be a possible cause of dissatisfaction among members of a team. Without interest, dissatisfaction follows and finally, the general performance of the company (Lepak & Gowan 2010, P. 77). To some, the lack of career growth can cause dissatisfaction among members of a team. The members will then get withdrawn from w ork and the resultant outcome is a compromise of the performance of an organization. To develop a team, a leader can employ a number of techniques with an aim of motivating his workers. However, if workers are not motivated, their performance may go down. Therefore, motivation is an essential component in the enhancement of performance. Though, team leaders or managers need to motivate employees as frequent as possible through a number of ways. First, the team leader should be proactive to build the required skills in order to work efficiently in the achievement of the set target (Tracy